“It is unprecedented. Major film studios have never been shy about pandering to the Chinese market.”1 Film critic Ho Siu Bun was referring to Top Gun: Maverick (2022) and the fact that the studio decided not to fold under pressure from the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). In the trailer, a patch with Japanese and Taiwanese flags worn by the protagonist in the first Top Gun (1986) was substituted for a vague blue and red pattern.2 The Chinese government does not recognize Taiwan as an independent country and often suppresses mentions of it. Following outrage from Western audiences, the original patch was restored for the film’s release, causing a Chinese investor to drop out; the film was not released in China.3

Freedom of speech is a critically important right, which many Westerners greatly value. They properly regard censorship as a violation of that right and as the hallmark of an authoritarian regime. The CCP perpetrates some of the worst censorship in the modern world. It forces filmmakers in China (and those who wish to distribute their films there) to follow the government’s demands about what they can include in their films, and it forces Chinese people to make, sell, and watch only films approved by the government or face jail time.4

Yet, until recently, most major filmmakers in Hollywood have done little to resist CCP censorship. That censorship not only prohibits criticism of the communist regime and depictions of Chinese people as criminals or villains, but it even forbids depictions of time travel, ghosts, magic, dissident newspapers, reimagined history, and same-sex or incestuous relationships.5 Chinese censors rarely give reasons for their decisions.6 But studios often shape their films with the CCP in mind, and some are, as the free speech organization PEN America put it, “directly inviting Chinese government censors onto their film sets to advise them on how to avoid tripping the censors’ wires.”7 In other words, they’ll do almost anything to appease the censors and get into theaters in the world’s most populous country.

This, of course, affects the content and quality of movies available worldwide. For example, Apple TV instructed its producers not to portray China in a negative light, and Paramount Pictures altered World War Z to avoid suggesting that the zombie virus it depicts could have originated in China.8 Many studios have been, as the Harvard International Review put it, “keeping out references to Taiwan, backing Chinese claims to the South China Sea, and excluding mentions of minorities.”9

The CCP allows only thirty-four foreign films to be released there each year (increased from twenty in 2012 due to international pressure).10 Further, it insists that the stories show state actors as competent and successful. Among other examples, the Chinese cut of Minions: The Rise of Gru (2022) had an extra minute of footage tacked onto the end to show police capturing and imprisoning the criminal and the protagonist giving up a life of crime to be an adoptive parent.11

The CCP scrutinizes not only films but filmmakers. For instance, the regime discovered that Chinese-born director Chloe Zhao, who won an Oscar for Best Director for the film Nomadland (2020), had criticized China in an interview eight years prior, calling it a place “where there are lies everywhere.”12 In response, the CCP canceled the film’s Chinese release days before it was due to debut in theaters. Her next movie, Eternals, was prohibited in China as well.13 And despite the popularity of many Korean TV shows and pop music, the CCP implemented a ban on Korean entertainment in 2016 in retaliation for the South Korean government working with the United States to build a missile shield system.14

Chinese censorship affects the availability of movies worldwide, as shown in the case of Kundun (1997), a film that portrayed the CCP’s oppression in Tibet—which included torture, censorship, and restriction of religion—through the eyes of the exiled Dalai Lama.15 The CCP was furious and demanded that Disney not distribute the film anywhere, threatening to ban all Disney movies in China if they did. Initially Disney refused, saying it would honor the arrangements already in place for global releases and promotions.16 But then-CEO Michael Eisner backpedaled: Though the movie was released, he promised not to promote the film in North America, saying that it would “die a quiet death” (it is not available today on Disney+).17 As he put it, “other than journalists, very few people in the world ever saw it.” The regime nonetheless barred the film’s director, Martin Scorsese, and several crew members from entering the country.18 Eisner publicly apologized to the CCP, saying that making the film was “a stupid mistake” and that “in the future we should prevent this sort of thing, which insults our friends, from happening.”19

In recent years, Disney has even collaborated with the CCP. The credits of the live-action remake of Mulan (2020) thank eight government bodies in China, including four of the CCP’s propaganda departments and the Turpan police force, which is responsible for managing some of the concentration camps where Uighur Muslims are systematically raped, tortured, forcibly sterilized, and coerced into slave labor.20 Some camps were visible in the raw footage of the film but were edited out. This, combined with comments from the actress playing the title character, sparked the hashtag #BoycottMulan (started by activist Joshua Wong).21

In an encouraging sign, some studios and directors, such as Quentin Tarantino, are refusing to change their films for the CCP. Chinese censors demanded that Tarantino remove violent scenes from Once Upon a Time . . . in Hollywood (2019). It also demanded that he address a formal complaint from Bruce Lee’s daughter, who thought the film showed her father as arrogant, which the CCP regarded as representing people of Chinese descent in a bad light. Tarantino demurred (he said that “Bruce Lee was kind of an arrogant guy”), and the film was banned in China.22

Although it has a history of pandering to Chinese censors, Disney is beginning inadvertently to buck the trend—not from a rational, principled resistance to the CCP but in service of another set of irrationalities: a “woke” political agenda. In March 2022, division president Karey Burke promised that 50 percent of her division’s characters would be homosexual, bisexual, transgender, or from ethnic minorities.23 Disney subsequently refused to remove scenes depicting a same-sex relationship from Black Panther: Wakanda Forever (2022), and the film was banned from China, likely as a result.24

Encouragingly, a few recent box office hits have shown that studios can achieve tremendous financial success without releasing their films in China—despite the fact that the country has had the highest ticket sales in the world for the past two years.25 Top Gun: Maverick, which was not released in China, has nonetheless been the highest-grossing film of 2022, having made $1.48 billion.26 Last year, the censors demanded that Sony and Marvel Studios (owned by Disney) minimize the prominence of the Statue of Liberty, including removing an important ending shot of it in Spiderman: No Way Home (2021).27 The studios refused, and the film went on to become the highest-grossing movie of 2021—despite not being shown in China.28 This was the first top-grossing film not to be released there since The Dark Knight in 2008, which was banned in China due to “cultural sensitivities,” most likely related to the film’s inclusion of a Chinese money launderer.29 The film in third place for 2022, Doctor Strange and the Multiverse of Madness, also wasn’t released in China.30

Film companies have a moral responsibility not to sanction the CCP and its horrors by capitulating to them—much less collaborating with them. And Western moviegoers can help, too, by boycotting films that have been written or changed to pander to censors. Thankfully websites such as ScreenRant and Hollywood Reporter report on censorship and pandering—enabling those who care about freedom of speech to avoid movies and studios that fold to the Chinese Communist Party’s demands.

The Chinese Communist Party perpetrates some of the worst censorship in the modern world. Film companies have a moral responsibility not to sanction the CCP and its horrors by capitulating to them—much less collaborating with them.
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1. Jack Newman and David Averre, “Top Gun Faces Being BANNED in China after Putting Taiwan Flag BACK ON Maverick’s Leather Bomber Jacket as Hollywood ‘Stops Trying to Please Chinese Censors,’” Daily Mail Online, June 1, 2022, https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-10875467/Top-Gun-faces-BANNED-China-Taiwan-flag-Mavericks-leather-bomber-jacket.html.

2. The patch commemorated cooperation between the United States, Japan, and Taiwan during the Vietnam War; see William Laverack, “Top Gun 2’s Taiwanese Flag Patch Signals a Major Change in Hollywood,” ScreenRant, July 23, 2022, https://screenrant.com/top-gun-maverick-taiwanese-flag-patch-impact/.

3. It is unclear whether the CCP banned the film or Paramount Pictures, knowing it was unlikely to be allowed, didn’t submit it.

4. The penalty for making five hundred or more contraband discs is up to three years in jail; see Jonathan Landreth, “China Revises Rules for Piracy Punishment,” Hollywood Reporter, April 7, 2007, https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/china-revises-rules-piracy-punishment-133595/.

5. Will Ashton, “Quentin Tarantino and 8 Other Directors Who Wouldn’t or Couldn’t Change Their Movies for China,” CinemaBlend, January 22, 2020, https://www.cinemablend.com/news/2488696/quentin-tarantino-and-8-other-directors-who-wouldnt-or-couldnt-change-their-movies-for-china; Lucas Shaw, “Fearing Chinese Censors, Paramount Changes ‘World War Z’ (Exclusive),” The Wrap, March 31, 2013, https://www.thewrap.com/fearing-chinese-censors-paramount-changes-world-war-z-exclusive-83316/.

6. James Griffiths, “The Rise of the Chinese Communist Party-Approved Blockbuster,” CNN Style, October 1, 2019, https://edition.cnn.com/style/article/china-movie-censorship-communist-party-intl-hnk/index.html.

7. James Tager, “Made in Hollywood, Censored by Beijing: The U.S. Film Industry and Chinese Government Influence,” PEN America, https://pen.org/report/made-in-hollywood-censored-by-beijing/.

8. The film was never released in China anyway, perhaps due to the censors’ dislike of the undead and violence; see Charles Nicholas Raymond, “Hollywood’s Many Chinese Controversies Explained,” ScreenRant, October 20, 2019, https://screenrant.com/hollywood-movies-china-controversy-explained/; Lexa Brenner, “Rated C for Censored: Walt Disney in China’s Pocket,” Harvard International Review, October 29, 2021, https://hir.harvard.edu/rated-c-for-censored-walt-disney-in-chinas-pocket/.

9. Brenner, “Rated C for Censored.”

10. Films coproduced with Chinese studios are exempt from this quota; see Sean O’Connor and Nicholas Armstrong, “Directed by Hollywood, Edited by China: How China’s Censorship and Influence Affect Films Worldwide,” U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission Staff Research Report, October 28, 2015, https://www.uscc.gov/sites/default/files/Research/Directed%20by%20Hollywood%20Edited%20by%20China.pdf.

11. “Chinese Censors Change Ending of Minions’ Movie,” Phayul, August 26, 2022, https://www.phayul.com/2022/08/26/47458/.

12. Shirley Li, “How Hollywood Sold Out to China,” The Atlantic, September 10, 2021, https://www.theatlantic.com/culture/archive/2021/09/how-hollywood-sold-out-to-china/620021/.

13. “‘Eternals’ Opens with $71M But Reviews Are Mixed,” The Independent, November 7, 2021, https://www.independent.co.uk/news/marvel-chloe-zhao-new-york-mgm-china-b1953244.html.

14. Lindsay Maizland, “The Surprising Reason Why China Is Blocking South Korean Music Videos and TV,” Vox, March 7, 2017, https://www.vox.com/latest-news/2017/3/3/14795636/china-south-korea-pop-culture-kpop-attacks-thaad.

15. “2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: China (Includes Hong Kong, Macau, and Tibet)—Tibet,” U.S. Department of State, accessed September 13, 2022, https://www.state.gov/reports/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/china/tibet/.

16. Gregg Kilday, “Disney’s ‘Kundun,’” Entertainment Weekly, December 13, 1996, https://ew.com/article/1996/12/13/disneys-kundun/.

17. Hongemi Yu, “From Kundun to Mulan: A Political Economic Case Study of Disney and China,” AsiaNetwork Exchange, Fall 2014, vol. 22; Brenner, “Rated C for Censored”; John Bleasdale, “Kundun: Scorese’s Buried Masterpiece,” Film School Rejects, March 15, 2018, https://filmschoolrejects.com/kundun-scorseses-buried-masterpiece/.

18. Oliver Good, “Change of Direction for Scorsese,” National News, October 7, 2011, https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/change-of-direction-for-scorsese-1.579760/.

19. Calum Russell, “How Martin Scorsese Was Once Banned from Visiting China,” Farout, June 30, 2021, https://faroutmagazine.co.uk/martin-scorsese-banned-from-visiting-china/.

20. Alex Ward, “The International Controversy over Disney’s Mulan, Explained,” Vox, September 9, 2020, https://www.vox.com/culture/2020/9/9/21427978/mulan-disney-controversy-explained-uighurs-xinjiang; Brenner, “Rated C for Censored.”

21. Gina Martinez, “How Woke Disney Has Bowed to China by Cutting Episode from The Simpsons That Joked about Tiananmen Square and Editing Uyghur Internment Camps Out of Mulan—But Refused to Cut Gay Kissing Scene from Lightyear,” Daily Mail, June 17, 2022, https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-10928517/How-woke-Disney-bowed-Chinese-censors-refused-cut-gay-kissing-scene-Lightyear.html; Amy Mackelden, “Why People Are Boycotting Disney’s Mulan,” Harper’s Bazaar, September 8, 2020, https://www.harpersbazaar.com/culture/film-tv/a33932607/mulan-boycott-details-liu-yifei-comments/.

22. Ilana Kaplan, “China Cancels Theatrical Release of Tarantino’s ‘Once Upon a Time in Hollywood,’” Rolling Stone, October 19, 2019, https://www.rollingstone.com/tv-movies/tv-movie-news/china-once-upon-a-time-in-hollywood-901313/.

23. Lily Wakefield, “Disney Bosses Promise Huge Increase in Queer Characters in Major Step for LGBT+ Representation,” Pink News, March 30, 2022, https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2022/03/30/disney-lgbt-meeting-dont-say-gay-florida/.

24. Patrick Brzeski, “‘Black Panther: Wakanda Forever,’ ‘Black Adam’ Unlikely to Be Released in China,” Hollywood Reporter, November 10, 2022,

https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/black-panther-wakanda-forever-black-adam-china-release-1235260069/.

25. Phil Hall, “Why Is China Blocking the Release of Disney’s ‘The Eternals’?” Yahoo Finance, October 11, 2021, https://finance.yahoo.com/news/why-china-blocking-release-disneys-141515735.html.

26. Laverack, “Top Gun 2’s Taiwanese Flag Patch Signals A Major Change In Hollywood”; “2022 Worldwide Box Office,” BoxOfficeMojo by IMDb Pro, accessed December 3, 2022, https://www.boxofficemojo.com/year/world/.

27. Ruairi Scott Byrne, “Spider-Man: No Way Home Banned in China after Sony Refused to Edit Pivotal Scene,” May 4, 2022, https://www.buzz.ie/movies/spiderman-no-way-home-china-26874046.

28. “2021 Worldwide Box Office,” BoxOfficeMojo by IMDb Pro, accessed September 13, 2022, https://www.buzz.ie/movies/spiderman-no-way-home-china-26874046.

29. CBC Arts, “Dark Knight Won’t Be on Big Screen in China,” CBC, December 26, 2008, https://www.cbc.ca/news/entertainment/dark-knight-won-t-be-on-big-screen-in-china-1.740993.

30. The film was ostensibly banned “for promoting a cult” because it depicts an Epoch Times newsstand; the newspaper is critical of the CCP; see Zhou Kexin, “Doctor Strange Movie Banned in China for ‘Promoting Falun Gong,’” Bitter Winter, June 30, 2022, https://bitterwinter.org/doctor-strange-movie-banned-in-china/.

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