On September 11, 2001, at 10:03 a.m., United Flight 93 ended in a fiery crash in Shanksville, Pennsylvania.1 Passengers had just stopped hijackers likely aiming to destroy the U.S. Capitol building in Washington, D.C.2

Earlier that day, three other teams of jihadists had flown similar suicide missions. Two planes collapsed the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in New York City. The other crashed into the Pentagon.3

Flight 93 left Newark that morning, bound for San Francisco with thirty-three passengers on board. Most were traveling for work assignments or visits with friends and family.4 . . .

Endnotes

1. National Park Service, “Flight 93 Timeline and Sources,” 10:03:11 a.m., https://www.nps.gov/flni/learn/historyculture/september-11-2001-timeline.htm.

2. Tom McMillan, Flight 93: The Story, the Aftermath, and the Legacy of American Courage on 9/11 (Guilford, CT: Lyons Press 2014), 17, 39, 55, 111.

3. National Park Service, “Flight 93 Timeline and Sources,” 8:46 a.m., 9:03 a.m., 9:37 a.m.

4. National Park Service, “Flight 93 Timeline and Sources,” 7:20 a.m.

5. National Park Service, “Flight 93 Timeline and Sources,” 9:39 a.m.

6. McMillan, Flight 93, 24–29; Bruce Riedel, “The 9/11 Attacks’ Spiritual Father,” Brookings Op-Ed, October 9, 2020, https://www.brookings.edu/opinions/the-911-attacks-spiritual-father/.

7. McMillan, Flight 93, 31–43.

8. Richard A. Koenigsberg, “Bin Laden’s Ideology: ‘Our Youth Love Death as you Love Life,’” Library of Social Science, https://www.libraryofsocialscience.com/newsletter/posts/2015/2015-05-20-RAK.html.

9. McMillan, Flight 93, 71, 97.

10. National Park Service, “Flight 93 Timeline and Sources,” 8:52 a.m.

11. McMillan, Flight 93, 100.

12. McMillan, Flight 93, 102–3.

13. National Park Service, “Flight 93 Timeline and Sources,” 9:57 a.m.

14. McMillan, Flight 93, 103–4.

15. McMillan, Flight 93, 133.

16. McMillan, Flight 93, 103–6; NPS, National Park Service, “Flight 93 Timeline and Sources,” 9:28 a.m., 9:57 a.m.

179/11: The Final Minutes of Flight 93, NKD Films, September 11, 2020, 41:10.

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