In 1986, the State of California funded a “Task Force on Self-Esteem and Personal and Social Responsibility” with an annual budget of $245,000. Its main backer, a California State Assemblyman, claimed that raising self-esteem would reduce crime and delinquency, decrease teen pregnancy and underachievement, lower drug abuse and crime, cut pollution, and even help balance the state’s budget because people with high self-esteem would earn more money and thus pay higher taxes. The program failed and was terminated in 1995, by which time the whole thing had become a joke. None of the hoped-for outcomes was attained.1
What went wrong? Leaving aside the fact that the government has no business creating programs to promote self-esteem, the essential problem was that the task force, in company with most people, had wrong ideas about the nature and causes of self-esteem. These wrong views have been spread most directly by educators and their psychologist mentors. In this article, I will identify the false and damaging views of self-esteem held by those in the educational establishment and by the psychologists who influence them, show how these views undermine both academic achievement and the acquisition of real self-esteem, present the correct view of self-esteem, and reveal the ultimate destroyer of self-esteem: modern philosophy.
Self-esteem is recognized at some level, even by those who fail to understand its actual nature, as a critical psychological need. It is generally viewed as “feeling good about yourself.” This is superficially true: Self-esteem is a positive subconscious estimate of oneself. More accurately, however, self-esteem is the conviction that one is fundamentally worthy of success and capable of dealing with life’s challenges. Self-esteem is not a causeless feeling or appraisal. It has to be earned by means of specific actions, especially mental actions, but most people have never been taught what these actions consist of. Consider the field of education.
Education
The conventional view of the educational establishment is that self-esteem does not have to be earned but rather is promoted simply by doing things to make students feel positive emotions or avoid negative ones. Education professor Maureen Stout calls this approach “feel-good education.”2 Feel-good education involves: lowering or removing educational standards (including the idea that students should form any rational standards of their own), making the teacher’s role passive, letting the students do what they want without fear of being evaluated or punished, making heavy use of social approval, making students work in groups, and prohibiting students from making value judgments. Consider, for example, Dr. John Gust’s self-esteem resource book for grades K–4. Here are some of the ways that he recommends for raising students’ self-esteem: Give praise (it does not matter for what); build a sense of group belonging, identity, and acceptance; tell students to praise themselves (for any reason they can muster) and love themselves as they are; tell them to smile and to know their cultural identity; and promote “competence” by means of reading fantasy stories, such as books by Dr. Seuss.3
Some schools are adopting rules that force children to play with kids they do not like, if the disliked children ask them to play, so as to prevent feelings of low self-esteem due to rejection. When communicating, children may be required to begin their sentences with “I feel” rather than with some claim of fact such as “You are a thief.”4 In class, students may be required to work in groups composed of children differing widely in ability. Academic “loners,” those who prefer to work alone and do not have numerous friends, are assumed to be mentally unhealthy regardless of the reasons for their preference or lack of friends. Students in groups learn to be “tolerant of diverse viewpoints” (the nature of those viewpoints notwithstanding), build up each other’s self-images, and seek social support.
In some classes, the more-able students are required to teach the less-able ones, thus arresting their own academic progress, so that the less able will allegedly not feel less able. Studies of the effects of these peer-teaching programs have shown them to be a failure. They do not improve educational achievement or self-esteem. Further, the advanced students resent having to help the less-able students rather than learning themselves, and the less-able students may be depressed by always having to be coached by others.5 This failure does not faze its educator-proponents who claim that the fault lies not in the concept of group work but with the students and society who did not appreciate its true benefits. . . .
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Endnotes
1 Roy Baumeister et al., “Does High Self-Esteem Cause Better Performance, Interpersonal Success, or Healthier Lifestyles?” Psychological Science in the Public Interest, vol. 4, no. 1, 2003, pp. 3–4.
2 See Maureen Stout, The Feel-Good Curriculum: The Dumbing Down of America’s Kids in the Name of Self-Esteem (Cambridge, MA: Perseus, 2000).
3 See John Gust, Enhancing Self-Esteem: A Whole Language Approach (Carthage, IL: Good Apple, 1994).
4 Andrea Peterson, “The ‘Re-Engineered’ Child,” Wall Street Journal, April 8, 2003, pp. D-1, D-8.
5 Stout, Feel-Good Curriculum, p. 63.
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6 Ibid., p. 147.
7 Ibid., p. 3.
8 See Howard Gardner, Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences (New York: Basic Books, 1983, 1993); and Intelligence Reframed: Multiple Intelligences for the 21st Century (New York: Basic Books, 2000).
9 Adrienne T. Washington, “Schools Get F’s for Abolishing Valedictorians,” Washington Times, May 11, 1999, p. C-2; Rob Hotakainen, “Valedictory without Absolute Victory,” Minneapolis Star Tribune, May 19, 1996, p. 1A.
10 W. T. Jones, A History of Western Philosophy, Vol. V: The Twentieth Century to Wittgenstein and Sartre (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1975), p. 52.
11 John Dewey, Logic: The Theory of Inquiry (New York: Holt, 1938), pp. 104–105.
12 Stout, Feel-Good Curriculum, p. 40.
13 Martin L. Gross, The Conspiracy of Ignorance (New York: Perennial, HarperCollins, 2000), p. 2.
14 www.soulcare.org/Self-deception.htm (1997 version, p. 26).
15 Carl Rogers Reader, edited by Howard Kirschenbaum & Valerie Land Henderson (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1989), pp. 302–3.
16 Ibid., p. 308.
17 See Abraham Maslow, Motivation and Personality (New York: Harper & Row, 1970).
18 Gross, Conspiracy of Ignorance, pp. 13, 132.
19 Baumeister et al., “Does High Self-esteem Cause Better Performance, Interpersonal Success, or Healthier Lifestyles?” p. 3.
20 Carl Rogers Reader, p. 225 ff.
21 Eric Fromm, The Art of Loving (New York: Bantam, 1956), p. 47.
22 Ayn Rand, For the New Intellectual (New York: Signet, 1961), p. 128.
23 Ibid., p. 177.
24 Ibid., p. 176.
25 Ayn Rand, “Notes for Atlas Shrugged,” The Objectivist Forum, April 1984, p. 5.
26 Ibid., p. 6.
27 Rand, For the New Intellectual, p. 176.
28 The concept of defense values was first identified by Dr. Allan Blumenthal.
29 See Stout, Feel-Good Curriculum.
30 Immanuel Kant, Critique of Pure Reason, translated by Norman Kemp Smith (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1965), p. 82.
31 Ibid., p. 172.
32 W. G. Tierney, “Leadership and Postmodernism: On Voice and the Qualitative Method,” Leadership Quarterly, vol. 7, pp. 373, 374.
33 Immanuel Kant, Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals, translated by Mary Gregor (London: Cambridge University Press, 1998), p. 48.
34 See Immanuel Kant, Religion within the Limits of Reason Alone, translated by T. M. Green & H. H. Hudson (New York: Harper & Row, 1960), p. 69.
35 www.soulcare.org/Self-deception.htm (2002 version, p. 1).
36 Ibid., pp. 3–5.
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